INTRODUCTION Stress is a factor that happens to affect everyone’s life. Daily events in life can be stressful, such as getting up and going to work everyday or going to the grocery store to buy a meal. Stress can also be a factor in other areas in a person’s life. Stress can affect a person’s self-esteem in ways people would believe it would not. When a person is stressed most of the time the person focuses so much on the stressor they don’t realize the stress they are having may be affecting other areas in their lives. People define stress in many ways. They usually define it according to the events or situations that may occur in their life. Stress is defined as a mental or physical tension or strain (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1982). Stress is an individual phenomenon, unique to each person and setting (Hudd et al., 2000). Perlin has suggested that there are two major types of stressors: life events and chronic strains. Life events research considers the extent to which the accumulation of a series of experiences can create a stressful impact. Stress from chronic strain results in role overload; conflicting roles in an individual’s life that produce competing, and potentially conflicting demands over time (Pearlin, 1985, as cited in Hudd et al., 2000). One setting that can affect a person causing them stress is college. The transition from living at home where your parents take care of your needs to living away from home where you are now responsible for yourself. This transition alone can be a very stressful event or situation. Stress can have devastating consequences in individual cases and there is some suggestion that personality variables may play a part in stress-susceptibility (Linn & Zippa, 1984, as cited in Abouserie, 1994). Self-esteem is a subject most people chose not to share with others, unless it is a person who perceives themselves very highly. A person cannot determine another person’s self-esteem. But how a person accepts another person can affect a person’s self-esteem. There are many factors that helps determine a person’s self-esteem. Self-esteem is defined as belief in oneself (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1982). A research study conducted by Sandra Sassaroli in 2005 revealed a bi-dimensional perspective of self-esteem. This perspective was taken from a previous study performed by Tafarodi and Swann (1995). The first dimension is called self liking and is based on social feedback and social acceptance. This dimension is predominately affective and subjective in nature. The second dimension is called self competence and is based on the personal evaluation of one’s own performance. This dimension is more cognitive and objective. Some people perceive themselves as highly and others may perceive themselves as worthless. A person’s self-esteem can effect their personality making them not able to cope with life factors such as stress. Crocker (2002) suggests that the costs of seeking self-esteem extend beyond the self and those close to. In the mode of seeking self-esteem, life becomes a zero-sum game, with things that bolster a person’s self worth coming at the expense of another person’s self worth, and vice versa. Studies have been conducted in an effort to discover findings of a correlation between stress and self-esteem. There is evidence of a positive correlation and a negative correlation of the two factors. The question is does stress really effect a person’s self-esteem. Results from the Abouserie (1994) study show that students with high self-esteem are less stressed than those with low self-esteem. Self-esteem would therefore appear to have an important influence on students’ stress levels. Conclusions also suggest that enhancing students’ ability to cope with stress can be done by enhancing a students’ self-esteem. However in another study results could not determine whether higher levels of stress lead to reduced esteem, or whether the pattern worked in the opposite direction (Hudd et al., 2000). Lundgren (1978) suggests that it is assumed that an important determinant of stress involves certain types of disjunctions in interpersonal relationships- specifically, discrepancies between the way in which individuals view themselves, the ways in which they perceive others as responding to them, and the ways in which others actually do evaluate them. These discrepancies are all characteristics of self-esteem. The purpose of this study is to discover if there is a correlation between stress and self-esteem. For this study stress will be defined as strain over major life events such as job, life transitions from home to college, relationships, academics, and death. Self-esteem will be defined as how the individual perceives themselves in reference to self worth and performance.
METHOD PARTICIPANTS
Sixty four participants were used for this study. The participants were undergraduate students enrolled at Missouri Western State University. Participants included one introductory psychology class consisting of 48 students and one upper-level psychology class consisting of 16 students. MATERIALS
Each participant was given two types of surveys. Rosenberg’s (1965) self-esteem survey was given to measure the participants’ self-esteem. Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) life event stress scale was used to measure the participants’ level of stress. The two surveys can be found in Appendixes A and B. PROCEDURE
At the beginning of the experiment prior to the surveys being handed out participants were informed about the purpose of the study. Participants were informed that the purpose of the experiment was to discover if there is a correlation between stress and self-esteem. Participants were also informed that the purpose of the surveys. The Rosenberg (1965) self-esteem survey was used to measure each participant’s self-esteem level. The Holmes and Rahe (1967) life event stress scale was used to measure each participant’s stress level. Both surveys were then distributed out to each participant by the experimenter. Participants were instructed to fill out each survey honestly and thoroughly. The participants were given ten minutes to fill out the surveys. After the surveys were completed the surveys were collected by the experimenter. This procedure was done in both psychology classes.
RESULTS A Pearson correlation was calculated examining the relationship between subjects’ stress and self-esteem. A weak correlation that was not significant was found (r(62) = .128, p > .05). Stress is not related to self-esteem.
DISCUSSION The purpose of this study was to see which type of people are more prone to high stress levels, people with high self-esteem or people with low self-esteem. Results showed no significant relationship between stress and self-esteem. There was a relationship between stress and self-esteem but it was a weak relationship which made it not significant. The results from this study contradicted results found in previous studies. In the Abouserie (1994) study results showed a negative correlation between self-esteem and stress, indicating that students with high self-esteem are less stressed than are those with low self-esteem. The results of this study could be contradictive due to fewer participants than the Abouserie study. The Abouserie study consisted of 675 undergraduate students compared to the 64 participants from this study. In another study results showed the relationship between stress and self-esteem was strong and clear but it remains unclear whether higher levels of stress lead to reduced esteem, or whether the pattern work in the opposite direction (Hudd et al., 2000).
REFERENCES Abouserie, R. (1994). Sources and levels of stress in relation to locus of control and self esteem in university students [Electronic version]. Educational Psychology, 14, 323.Crocker, J. (2002). The costs of seeking self esteem. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 597-615.Holmes, T.H., & Rahe, R.H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-218. Hudd, S., Dumlao, J., Erdmann-Sager, D., Murray, D., Phan, E., Soukas, N., & Yokozuka, N. (2000). Stress at college: Effects on health habits, heath status, and self-esteem [Electronic version]. College Student Journal, 34, 217.Lundgren, D.C. (1978). Public esteem, self esteem, and interpersonal stress. Social Psychology, 41, 68-73.Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Sassaroli, S., & Ruggiero, G.M. (2005). The role of stress in the association between low self esteem, perfectionism, and worry, and eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32, 135-141.Webster’ New World Dictionary (1982). Tennessee: The Southwestern Company.
APPENDIX A Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965)Instructions: Below is a list of statements dealing with your general feelings about yourself. If you strongly agree, circle SA. If you agree with the statement, circle A. If you disagree, circle D. If you strongly disagree, circle SD.1. On the whole, I am satisfied with myself. SA A D SD2. At times, I think I am no good at all. SA A D SD3. I feel that I have a number of good qualities. SA A D SD4. I am able to do things as well as most other people. SA A D SD5. I feel I do not have much to be proud of. SA A D SD6. I certainly feel useless at times. SA A D SD7. I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an SA A D SDequal plane with others.8. I wish I could have more respect for myself. SA A D SD9. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure. SA A D SD10. I take a positive attitude toward myself. SA A D SD
APPENDIX B Life Event Stress ScaleIn the past 12 months, which of the following major life events have taken place in your life?• Make a check mark next to each event that you have experienced this year.• When you are done, add up the points for each event.• Calculate your score at the end.Event Stress Score ___ Death of Spouse 100___ Divorce 73___ Marital Separation 65___ Jail Term 63___ Death of close family member 63___ Personal injury or illness 53___ Marriage 50___ Fired from work 47___ Marital reconciliation 45___ Retirement 45___ Change in family member’s health 44___ Pregnancy 40___ Sex difficulties 39___ Addition to family 39___ Business readjustment 39___ Change in financial status 38___ Death of close friend 37___ Change to a different line of work 36___ Change in number of martial arguments 35___ Mortgage or loan increase 31___ Foreclosure of mortgage or loan 30___ Change in work responsibilities 29___ Trouble with in-laws 29___ Outstanding personal achievement 28___ Spouse begins or stops work 26___ Starting or finishing school 26___ Change in living conditions 25___ Revision of personal habits 24___ Trouble with boss 23___ Change in work hours, conditions 20___ Change in residence 20___ Change in schools 20___ Change in recreational habits 19___ Change in church activities 19___ Change in social activities 18___ Mortgage or loan decrease 17___ Change in sleeping habits 16___ Change in number of family gatherings 15___ Change in eating habits 15___ Vacation 13___ Christmas season 12___ Minor violations of the law 11 Calculate Your total score:__________ Score Scale:0-149 Low susceptibility to stress-related illness150-299 Medium susceptibility to stress-related illness300-and over High susceptibility to stress-related illness |
